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一、常用前缀
前缀会改变词义,故应特别注意;除个别后缀(如-less等)外,后缀一般不改变词义,仅表明词性。
anti-
against,opposite反(对)
war(战争)—antiwar(反战的)
missile(导弹)—antimissile(反导弹的)
auto- of or by oneself自己(做)的
stop(停止)—
autostop(自动停止)
criticism(批评)—
autocriticism(自我批评)
be- cause to be or have使,有
friend(朋友)—
befriend(以朋友态度对待)
little(小)—
belittle(贬低)
bi-
two,twice,double二,双,两倍
party(政党)—biparty(两党的)
ped(足)— biped(二足动物)
bio- 1ife生命,生物
chemistry(化学)—
biochemistry(生物化学)
sphere(范围)—
biosphere(生物圈)
centi- hundredth part百分之一
meter(米)—
centimeter(厘米)
grade(度)—
centigrade(百分度的)
co-
with,together共同,(和…)一起
author(作者)—
coauthor(合著者)
exist(存在)—
coexist(共存)
con-
with,together共同,(和…)一起
join(参加)—
conjoin(联合)
centric(中心的)—
concentric(同中心的)
col-
(用在字母l的前面)
location(位置)—
collocation(并置)
collect 收集
com-
(用在字母m, b, p的前面)
passion(激情)—
compassion(同情)
combine结合,联合
cor-
(用在字母r的前面)
relation(关系)—
correlation(相互关系)
correct改正
contra-
opposite反对,相反,相对
contradiction矛盾
missile(导弹)—
contramissile(反弹道导弹度)
natural(自然的)—
contranatural(违反自然的)
counter- opposite反对,相反,相对
act(起作用)—
counteract对…起反作用
attack(攻击)—
counterattack(反攻)
de- showing an opposite,to
remove,to
reduce非,相反,除去,减少
code(密码)—
decode(解码)
value(价值)—
devalue(使贬值)
dis- not,the
opposite of否定,相反
agree(同意)—
disagree(反对)
honest(诚实的)—
dishonest(不诚实的)
e- , ef- out出,外(为ex-的变异形式)
lect(选)—
elect(选举)
ject(投,掷)—eject(驱逐;喷射;弹出)
fect(做)—
effect 结果,效果
en-, em- cause to become,put
into the stated condition使成为,使处于…状态
large(大的)—
enlarge(扩大)
body(身体)—
embody(体现)
ex- 1. out
出,外
exit 出口
2. former以前的,前任的
minister(部长)—ex-minister(前任部长)
wife(妻子)—
ex-wife(前妻)
extra- outside,beyond超出,在…之外
ordinary(普通的)—
extraordinary(非常的)
vert(转)—
extravert性格外向的人
fore- in advance,before,in
or at the front预先,前,在前面的
see(看)—
foresee(预见)
leg(腿)—
foreleg(前腿)
in-, i1-,
im- , ir- not不,非,无(字母l前用il-;字母m,
b, p前用im-;字母r前用ir-)
direct(直接的)—
indirect(间接的)
infant婴儿
legal(合法的)
— illegal(非法的)
balance(平衡)—
imbalance(不平衡)
moral(道德的)—
immoral(不道德的)
possible(可能的)—
impossible(不可能的)
regular(规则的)—
irregular(不规则的)
in- in, into内,向内
door(门)—
indoor(室内的)
inter- between,among互相,在…之间
national(国家的)—
international(国际的)
intra- inside, within在之内
city(城市)—
intracity(市内的)
kilo- thousand千
gram(克)—
kilogram(千克,公斤)
meter(米)—
kilometer(千米)
macro- large大的,宏观的
economics(经济学)—
macroeconomics(宏观经济学)
mal- bad, badly坏,不良,不当
function(功能)—
malfunction(机能障碍)
treat(对待)—
maltreat(虐待)
micro- extremely small极小的
computer(计算机)—
microcomputer(微型计算机)
microscope 显微镜
mid- middle中间
day(昼,白天)—
midday(中午)
night(夜晚)—
midnight(午夜)
mini- small,short极小的,极短的
bus(公共汽车)
— minibus(小汽车)
skirt(裙子)
— miniskirt(超短裙)
mis- bad,badly坏,不当
understand(理解)
— misunderstand(误解)
lead(引导)—
mislead(使误入歧途)
mono- one, single单,一
log(说)—
monologue(独白)
tone(音调)—
monotone单调
multi- many, more than one多
national(国家的)—
multinational(多国的)
non- not不,非,无
metal(金属)—
non-metal(非金属)
governmental(政府的)—
non-governmental(非政府的)
out- outside,beyond超越,超过,胜过;在[向]外(的)
live(生活)—
outlive(比…活得长)
number(数量)—
outnumber(在数量上超过)
door(门)—
outdoor(户外的)
over- too much,above,additional过分,在…上面,额外的
head(头)—
overhead(在头顶上的)
population(人口)—
overpopulation(人口过剩)
time(时间)—
overtime(加班)
poly- many多
gene(基因)—
polygene(多基因)
centric(中心)—
polycentric(多中心的)
post- later than,after在…之后
graduate(有学士学位的)—
postgraduate(研究生的)
war(战争)—
postwar(战后的)
pre- before,in
advance在…之前,预先
view(观看)
— preview(预演)
dict(说)—
predict(预言)
pseudo- not real,false假,伪
memory(记忆)—
pseudomemory(记忆错误)
science(科学)—
pseudoscience(伪科学)
re-
again,back to
a former state再,回复
view(看)—
review(复习)
call(叫,呼唤)—
recall(回忆起,叫回)
semi- half,partly半,部分的
circle(圆)
— semicircle(半圆)
final(决赛)—
semifinal(半决赛)
sub- under,below,less
important在…下,低于,次于…的
marine(海洋的)—
submarine(海底的;潜水艇)
way(路)—
subway(地铁)
super- greater or more than, above,
beyond or over 超级,超过;在…之上
market(市场)—
supermarket(超级市场)
natural(自然的)—
supernatural(超自然的)
vis(看)—
supervise(监督)
tele- at or over a long distance,by
or for television远(距离),由(或为)电视
vis(看)—
television(电视)
screen(屏幕)—
telescreen(电视屏幕)
therm-, thermo- heat热
chemistry(化学)—
thermochemistry(热化学)
meter(仪表)—
thermometer(温度计)
trans- across,on
or to the other side of横越
Atlantic(大西洋)
— transatlantic(横越大西洋的)
plant(种植)—
transplant(移植)
tri- three三
angle(角)
— triangle(三角形)
cycle(圆圈)
— tricycle(三轮摩托车)
ultra- beyond,very,too超过,极度的
high(高的)—
ultrahigh(超高的)
sound(声音)—
ultrasound(超声)
un- not不,非
fortunately(幸运地)—
unfortunately(不幸地)
usual(平常的)—
unusual(不平常的)
under- too little,below过少,在…下面
development(发展)—
underdevelopment(欠发达)
sea(大)—
undersea(海底的)
uni- one,single单,一
form(形式)—
uniform(制服)
sex(性别)—
unisex(不分男女的)
vice- next in rank below副
president(总统)—
vice-president(副总统)
chairman(主席)—
vice-chairman(副主席)
二、常用后缀
1、名词后缀
-ability, -ibility
able(能够的)
— ability(能力)
possible(可能的)—
possibility(可能性)
-age
post(邮政)—
postage(邮资)
shrink(收缩)—
shrinkage(收缩)
-al
arrive(到达)—
arrival(到达)
refuse(拒绝)—
refusal(拒绝)
-an, -ian, -arian
humane(人道的)
— humanitarian(人道主义者)
library(图书馆)—
librarian(图书管理员)
music(音乐)—
musician(音乐家)
-ance, -ency
appear(出现)—
appearance(出现)
refer(参考)—
reference(参考)
-ancy, ency
emerge(出现)
— emergency(紧急情况)
expect(期待)—
expectancy(期待)
-ant, -ent
serve(服务)—
servant(仆人)
study(学习)
— student(学生)
-cy
accurate(准确的)—
accuracy(准确性)
bankrupt(破产的)—
bankruptcy(破产)
-dom
free(自由的)
— freedom(自由)
king(国王)—
kingdom(王国)
-ee
employ(雇用)—
employee(雇员)
absent(缺席)—
absentee(缺席者)
-er, -or, -ar
lead(指引)—
leader(领袖)
conduct(传导)—
conductor(导体)
beg(乞讨)
— beggar(乞丐)
-ery
brave(勇敢的)—
bravery(勇敢)
cook(烹调)
— cookery(烹饪法)
nurse(照料)—
nursery(托儿所)
-ese
China(中国)—Chinese(汉语,中国人)
Japan(日本)—
Japanese(日语,日本人)
-ess
actor(演员)—
actress(女演员)
lion(狮子)—
lioness(母狮)
-ful
hand(手)—
handful(一把的量)
spoon(匙)—
spoonful(一匙的量)
-hood
child(孩子)—
childhood(童年)
neighbor(邻居)—
neighborhood(邻近地区)
-ics
electron(电子)—
electronics(电子学)
linguist(语言学家)—
linguistics(语言学)
-ion, -ition, -ation
collect(收集)
— collection(收集)
compose(创作)—
composition(作文)
observe(观察)—
observation(观察)
-ism
hero(英雄)—
heroism(英雄主义)
social(社会的)—
socialism(社会主义)
-ist
social(社会的)—
socialist(社会主义者
)
art(艺术)—
artist(艺术家)
-ity, -ty
cruel(残忍的)
— cruelty(残忍)
pure(纯的)—
purity(纯净)
-ment
move(运动)—
movement(运动)
apart(分离的)—
apartment(一套公寓房间)
govern(统治)—
government(政府)
-ness
dark(黑暗的)—
darkness(黑暗)
happy(幸福的)—
happiness(幸福)
-ology, -logy
bio(生物)—
biology(生物学)
climate(气候)—
climatology(气候学)
-ship
friend(朋友)—
friendship(友谊)
member(会员)—
membership(会员身份)
-sion
decide(决定)—
decision(决定)
conclude(结束)—
conclusion(结论)
-ure
fail(失败)—
failure(失败)
pict(标记)—
picture(画)
2、动词后缀
-en
deep(深的)—
deepen(加深)
fast(牢固的)—
fasten(扎牢)
-ify
class(种类)
— classify(分类)
simple(简单的)—
simplify(简化)
-ize, -ise
modern(现代的)—
modernize/-ise (使现代化)
popular(流行的)—
popularize/-ise(普及)
3、形容词后缀
-able, -ible
suit(适合)—
suitable(合适的)
horror(恐怖)—
horrible(可怕的)
-al
centre(中心)—
central(中心的)
nature(自然)—
natural(自然的)
-an, -arian, -ian
Elizabeth(伊丽莎白)—
Elizabethan(伊丽莎白的)
Christ(耶酥)—
Christian(基督徒的)
vegetal(植物的,蔬菜的)—
vegetarian(素食者的,吃素的)
-ant, -ent
differ(不同)—
different(不同的)
insist(坚持)—
insistent(不断的)
-ary, -ory
element(成分,要素)—
elementary(基础的)
contradict(与…相反)—
contradictory(相反的,矛盾的)
-ate
consider(考虑)—
considerate(考虑周到的)
fortune(运气)—
fortunate(幸运的)
-en
wood(木头)—
wooden(木头的)
wool(羊毛)—
woolen(羊毛的)
-ese
China(中国)—
Chinese(中国的)
Japan(日本)—
Japanese(日本的)
-free
care(忧虑)—
carefree(无忧无虑的)
ticket(票)—
ticketfree(不用票的)
-ful
beauty(美))—
beautiful(美丽的)
shame(羞耻)—
shameful(可耻的)
hope(希望)—
hopeful(有希望的)
use(用)—
useful(有用的)
-ic, -ical
alcohol(酒精)—
alcoholic(酗酒的)
music(音乐)—
musical(音乐的)
-ish
fool(傻瓜)—
foolish(愚蠢的)
red(红色)—
reddish(微红的)
-ive
decide(决定)—
decisive(果断的)
create(创造)—
creative(有创造力的)
-less
help(帮助)—
helpless(无助的)
job(工作)—
jobless(失业的)
-like
child(孩子)—
childlike(孩子般的)
lady(贵妇)—
ladylike(贵妇般的)
-ly
day(白天,日子)—
daily(每日的,日常的)
man(男人)—
manly(有男子气概的)
-ous, -ious
danger(危险)—
dangerous(危险的)
space(空间)—
spacious(宽敞的)
-some
quarrel(吵架)—
quarrelsome(喜欢吵架的)
trouble(烦恼)—
troublesome(使人烦恼的)
-ward
down(向下)—
downward(向下的)
home(家)—
homeward(回家的)
-y
hair(毛发)—
hairy(多毛的)
noise(喧闹声)—
noisy(喧闹的)
4、副词后缀
-ly
happy(快乐的)—
happily快乐地
-ward, -wards
east(东)—
eastward(s)(向东地)
up(向上)—
upward(s)(向上地)
-wise
like(像)—
likewise(同样地)
other(其他)—
otherwise(在其他方面)
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