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常用前缀和后缀


一、常用前缀

   前缀会改变词义,故应特别注意;除个别后缀(如-less等)外,后缀一般不改变词义,仅表明词性。
anti-
againstopposite反(对)
     war
(战争)—antiwar(反战的)
     missile
(导弹)—antimissile(反导弹的)
auto- of or by oneself
自己(做)的
     stop
(停止)— autostop(自动停止)
     criticism
(批评)— autocriticism(自我批评)
be- cause to be or have
使,有
friend(朋友)— befriend(以朋友态度对待)
little
(小)— belittle(贬低)
bi- two
twicedouble二,双,两倍
    party
(政党)—biparty(两党的)
ped
(足)— biped(二足动物)
bio- 1ife
生命,生物
    chemistry
(化学)— biochemistry(生物化学)
    sphere
(范围)— biosphere(生物圈)
centi- hundredth part
百分之一
    meter(米)— centimeter(厘米)
    grade
(度)— centigrade(百分度的)
co- withtogether共同,(和…)一起
    author
(作者)— coauthor(合著者)
    exist(存在)— coexist(共存)
con- withtogether共同,(和…)一起
    join
(参加)— conjoin(联合)
    centric
(中心的)— concentric(同中心的)
col-
(用在字母l的前面)
location(位置)— collocation(并置)
collect
收集
com-
(用在字母m, b, p的前面)
passion(激情)— compassion(同情)
combine结合,联合
cor-
(用在字母r的前面)
relation
(关系)— correlation(相互关系)
correct
改正
contra-
opposite反对,相反,相对
contradiction
矛盾
    missile
(导弹)— contramissile(反弹道导弹度)
    natural
(自然的)— contranatural(违反自然的)
counter- opposite
反对,相反,相对
act
(起作用)— counteract对…起反作用
     attack
(攻击)— counterattack(反攻)
de- showing an opposite
to removeto reduce非,相反,除去,减少
    code
(密码)— decode(解码)
    value
(价值)— devalue(使贬值)
dis- not
the opposite of否定,相反
    agree
(同意)— disagree(反对)
honest
(诚实的)— dishonest(不诚实的)
e- , ef- out
出,外(为ex-的变异形式)
lect
(选)— elect(选举)
ject
(投,掷)—eject(驱逐;喷射;弹出)
fect
(做)— effect 结果,效果
en-, em- cause to become
put into the stated condition使成为,使处于…状态
    large
(大的)— enlarge(扩大)
    body
(身体)— embody(体现)
ex-  1. out
出,外
         exit 出口
     2. former
以前的,前任的
minister
(部长)—ex-minister(前任部长)
wife
(妻子)— ex-wife(前妻)
extra- outside
beyond超出,在…之外
ordinary
(普通的)— extraordinary(非常的)
vert
(转)— extravert性格外向的人
fore- in advance
beforein or at the front预先,前,在前面的
see
(看)— foresee(预见)
leg
(腿)— foreleg(前腿)
in-, i1-, im- , ir-  not
不,非,无(字母l前用il-;字母m, b, p前用im-;字母r前用ir-
direct
(直接的)— indirect(间接的)
infant
婴儿
legal
(合法的) illegal(非法的)
balance(平衡)— imbalance(不平衡)
moral
(道德的)— immoral(不道德的)
possible(可能的)— impossible(不可能的)
regular
(规则的)— irregular(不规则的)
in- in, into
内,向内
door
(门)— indoor(室内的)
inter- between
among互相,在…之间
 national
(国家的)— international(国际的)
intra- inside, within
在之内
 city
(城市)— intracity(市内的)
kilo- thousand

 gram
(克)— kilogram(千克,公斤)
 meter
(米)— kilometer(千米)
macro- large
大的,宏观的
 economics
(经济学)— macroeconomics(宏观经济学)
mal- bad, badly
坏,不良,不当
 function
(功能)— malfunction(机能障碍)
 treat
(对待)— maltreat(虐待)
micro- extremely small
极小的
computer
(计算机)— microcomputer(微型计算机)
microscope
显微镜
mid- middle
中间
day
(昼,白天)— midday(中午)
night
(夜晚)— midnight(午夜)
mini- small
short极小的,极短的
 bus
(公共汽车) minibus(小汽车)
 skirt
(裙子) miniskirt(超短裙)
mis- bad
badly坏,不当
understand
(理解) misunderstand(误解)
lead
(引导)— mislead(使误入歧途)
mono- one, single
单,一
log
(说)— monologue(独白)
tone
(音调)— monotone单调
multi- many, more than one

national
(国家的)— multinational(多国的)
non- not
不,非,无
metal
(金属)— non-metal(非金属)
governmental
(政府的)— non-governmental(非政府的)
out- outside
beyond超越,超过,胜过;在[]外(的)
live
(生活)— outlive(比…活得长)
number
(数量)— outnumber(在数量上超过)
door
(门)— outdoor(户外的)
over- too much
aboveadditional过分,在…上面,额外的
 head
(头)— overhead(在头顶上的)
population
(人口)— overpopulation(人口过剩)
 time
(时间)— overtime(加班)
poly- many

     gene
(基因)— polygene(多基因)
centric
(中心)— polycentric(多中心的)
post- later than
after在…之后
    graduate
(有学士学位的)— postgraduate(研究生的)
    war
(战争)— postwar(战后的)
pre- before
in advance在…之前,预先
    view
(观看) preview(预演)
    dict
(说)— predict(预言)
pseudo- not real
false假,伪
    memory
(记忆)— pseudomemory(记忆错误)
    science
(科学)— pseudoscience(伪科学)
re- again
back to a former state再,回复
    view
(看)— review(复习)
call
(叫,呼唤)— recall(回忆起,叫回)
semi- half
partly半,部分的
    circle
(圆) semicircle(半圆)
    final
(决赛)— semifinal(半决赛)
sub- under
belowless important在…下,低于,次于…的
marine
(海洋的)— submarine(海底的;潜水艇)
way
(路)— subway(地铁)
super- greater or more than, above, beyond or over
超级,超过;在…之上
    market
(市场)— supermarket(超级市场)
natural
(自然的)— supernatural(超自然的)
vis
(看)— supervise(监督)
tele- at or over a long distance
by or for television远(距离),由(或为)电视
    vis
(看)— television(电视)
    screen
(屏幕)— telescreen(电视屏幕)
therm-, thermo-    heat

    chemistry
(化学)— thermochemistry(热化学)
    meter
(仪表)— thermometer(温度计)
trans- across
on or to the other side of横越
    Atlantic
(大西洋) transatlantic(横越大西洋的)
    plant
(种植)— transplant(移植)
tri- three

    angle
(角) triangle(三角形)
    cycle
(圆圈) tricycle(三轮摩托车)
ultra- beyond
verytoo超过,极度的
high
(高的)— ultrahigh(超高的)
sound
(声音)— ultrasound(超声)
un- not
不,非
fortunately
(幸运地)— unfortunately(不幸地)
usual
(平常的)— unusual(不平常的)
under- too little
below过少,在…下面
    development
(发展)— underdevelopment(欠发达)
    sea
(大)— undersea(海底的)
uni- one
single单,一
    form
(形式)— uniform(制服)
sex
(性别)— unisex(不分男女的)
vice- next in rank below

    president
(总统)— vice-president(副总统)
chairman
(主席)— vice-chairman(副主席)

二、常用后缀

1、名词后缀

-ability, -ibility
    able(能够的) ability(能力)
    possible
(可能的)— possibility(可能性)
-age
    post
(邮政)— postage(邮资)
    shrink
(收缩)— shrinkage(收缩)
-al
    arrive
(到达)— arrival(到达)
    refuse
(拒绝)— refusal(拒绝)
 -an, -ian, -arian
    humane
(人道的) humanitarian(人道主义者)
library
(图书馆)— librarian(图书管理员)
music
(音乐)— musician(音乐家)
-ance, -ency
    appear
(出现)— appearance(出现)
    refer
(参考)— reference(参考)
-ancy, ency
    emerge
(出现) emergency(紧急情况)
    expect
(期待)— expectancy(期待)
-ant, -ent
    serve
(服务)— servant(仆人)
    study
(学习) student(学生)
-cy
    accurate
(准确的)— accuracy(准确性)
bankrupt
(破产的)— bankruptcy(破产)
-dom
    free
(自由的) freedom(自由)
king
(国王)— kingdom(王国)
-ee
    employ
(雇用)— employee(雇员)
    absent
(缺席)—  absentee(缺席者)
-er, -or, -ar
    lead
(指引)— leader(领袖)
    conduct
(传导)— conductor(导体)
    beg
(乞讨) beggar(乞丐)
-ery
    brave
(勇敢的)— bravery(勇敢)
cook
(烹调) cookery(烹饪法)
nurse
(照料)— nursery(托儿所)
-ese
    China
(中国)—Chinese(汉语,中国人)
    Japan
(日本)— Japanese(日语,日本人)
-ess
    actor
(演员)— actress(女演员)
    lion
(狮子)— lioness(母狮)
-ful
    hand
(手)— handful(一把的量)
spoon
(匙)— spoonful(一匙的量)
-hood
child
(孩子)— childhood(童年)
neighbor
(邻居)— neighborhood(邻近地区)
-ics
    electron
(电子)— electronics(电子学)
linguist
(语言学家)— linguistics(语言学)
-ion, -ition, -ation
    collect
(收集) collection(收集)
    compose
(创作)— composition(作文)
    observe
(观察)— observation(观察)
 -ism
    hero
(英雄)— heroism(英雄主义)
    social
(社会的)— socialism(社会主义)
-ist
social
(社会的)— socialist(社会主义者
art
(艺术)— artist(艺术家)
-ity, -ty
    cruel
(残忍的) cruelty(残忍)
pure
(纯的)— purity(纯净)
-ment
    move
(运动)— movement(运动)
apart
(分离的)— apartment(一套公寓房间)
govern
(统治)— government(政府)
-ness
dark
(黑暗的)— darkness(黑暗)
happy
(幸福的)— happiness(幸福)
-ology, -logy
bio(生物)— biology(生物学)
climate
(气候)— climatology(气候学)
-ship
    friend
(朋友)— friendship(友谊)
    member
(会员)— membership(会员身份)
-sion
    decide
(决定)— decision(决定)
    conclude
(结束)— conclusion(结论)
-ure
    fail
(失败)— failure(失败)
pict
(标记)— picture(画)

2、动词后缀

-en
    deep(深的)— deepen(加深)
    fast
(牢固的)— fasten(扎牢)
-ify
    class
(种类) classify(分类)
    simple
(简单的)— simplify(简化)
-ize, -ise
    modern
(现代的)— modernize/-ise (使现代化)
    popular
(流行的)— popularize/-ise(普及)

3、形容词后缀

-able, -ible
    suit(适合)— suitable(合适的)
    horror(恐怖)— horrible(可怕的)
-al
    centre(中心)— central(中心的)
    nature
(自然)— natural(自然的)
-an, -arian, -ian
    Elizabeth(伊丽莎白)— Elizabethan(伊丽莎白的)
    Christ
(耶酥)— Christian(基督徒的)
    vegetal
(植物的,蔬菜的)— vegetarian(素食者的,吃素的)
-ant, -ent
    differ
(不同)— different(不同的)
    insist
(坚持)— insistent(不断的)
-ary, -ory
    element
(成分,要素)— elementary(基础的)
    contradict
(与…相反)— contradictory(相反的,矛盾的)
-ate
    consider
(考虑)— considerate(考虑周到的)
    fortune
(运气)— fortunate(幸运的)
-en
    wood
(木头)— wooden(木头的)
    wool
(羊毛)— woolen(羊毛的)
-ese
    China
(中国)— Chinese(中国的)
    Japan
(日本)— Japanese(日本的)
-free
    care
(忧虑)— carefree(无忧无虑的)
    ticket
(票)— ticketfree(不用票的)
-ful
    beauty
(美))— beautiful(美丽的)
shame
(羞耻)— shameful(可耻的)
hope
(希望)— hopeful(有希望的)
use
(用)— useful(有用的)

-ic, -ical
    alcohol
(酒精)— alcoholic(酗酒的)
    music
(音乐)— musical(音乐的)
-ish
    fool
(傻瓜)— foolish(愚蠢的)
    red
(红色)— reddish(微红的)
-ive
    decide
(决定)— decisive(果断的)
    create
(创造)— creative(有创造力的)
-less
    help
(帮助)— helpless(无助的)
    job
(工作)— jobless(失业的)
-like
    child
(孩子)— childlike(孩子般的)
    lady
(贵妇)— ladylike(贵妇般的)
-ly
    day
(白天,日子)— daily(每日的,日常的)
    man
(男人)— manly(有男子气概的)
-ous, -ious
    danger
(危险)— dangerous(危险的)
    space
(空间)— spacious(宽敞的)
-some
    quarrel
(吵架)— quarrelsome(喜欢吵架的)
    trouble
(烦恼)— troublesome(使人烦恼的)
-ward
    down
(向下)— downward(向下的)
    home
(家)— homeward(回家的)
-y
    hair
(毛发)— hairy(多毛的)
noise
(喧闹声)— noisy(喧闹的)

4、副词后缀

-ly
  happy(快乐的)— happily快乐地
-ward, -wards
    east
(东)— eastwards)(向东地)
    up
(向上)— upwards)(向上地)
-wise
    like
(像)— likewise(同样地)
other
(其他)— otherwise(在其他方面)


 



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